EFFECTS OF PORNOGRAPHIC NEWS COVERAGE AMONG THE YOUTH. A CASE STUDY OF THE RED PEPPER NEWS
BY KAMULI JULIET
08/U/26565
SUPERVISED BY
MRS. SEBAANA HARRIET
A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED IN A PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE A WARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF MASS COMMUNICATION OF MAKERERE UNIVERSITY.
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this project Report is original and has not been published or submitted for any other degree award to any other University before.
Signature:………………
Date: …………………….
Kamuli Juliet
APPROVAL
This project proposal has been submitted for Examination with the approval of my supervisor.
Sign……………………………..
Date……………………………..
Supervisor’s Name: Mrs. Harriet Sebaana
Department of Mass Communication
Faculty of Arts
Makerere University
DEDICATION
This project proposal is dedicated to my late parents Mr. Joseph and Keziah Mubi, my brothers and sister whom I owe everything, having supported me both financially and morally during my duration of stay at Makerere University.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to thank God who was always with me and also provided the knowledge, wisdom and skills that have enabled us to complete this project proposal.
I would like to extend my gratitude to my supervisor, Mrs. Harriet Sebaana for sparing time and effort to offer me technical assistance, advice support through this great undertaking.
Let me also extend my sincere appreciation to the focused group discussion members for their academic support they gave me and my friends David, Evans and Robert for everything during my time at Makerere University.
I would like to take this opportunity to thank my brother Mr. Murungi in a special way for all the support he gave me so as to attain this level of education may God pay you abundantly.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION…………………………………………………………
APPROVAL………………………………………………………….…..
DEDICATION……………………………………………………………
ACKNOWLEDGMENT…………………………………...…………….
TABLE OF CONTENT………………………………………………….
TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………1
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………...2
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY……………………….……...3
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM…………………….………..5
OBJECTIVES ……………………………………………………………6
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES………………………………………………...6
RESEARCH QUESTIONS……………………………………………….7
SCOPE OF THE STUDY………………………………………………...8
DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS……………………………….9
JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY...................................10
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK………………………………11
METHODOLOGY……………………………………………...14
LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………..18
INTRODUCTION………………………………………..…….18
References……………………………………………………….26
INTRODUCTION
In this era of globalization, youths are faced with the danger of being exposed to all sorts of information from various media channels. They include television, radio, magazines, interest groups, news papers, video films, books, stage entertainment. Today it can be doubted if a real sexual revolution of human behavior has taken place, but the sexual revolution becomes obvious through increase of pornography in mass culture……in fashion coverage in youth magazine as Sorensen (2003:34), this is explaining the concept that the “sex sells” which has turned into an advert slogan. Sex related stories such as hyena in the Red pepper has influenced the youth in several sexual acts like rape and homosexuality. In spite of such stories intending to educate the audience have effected to the youth in Uganda like sexual immorality, unproven dress code and obscene language.
Pornographic new coverage is categorized into two forms they include soft pornography and hard pornography. Soft pornography is compose of texts and images with mild graphic portrayals of sexuality involving women while hard pornography involves text and extremely graphic images of people performing all kinds of sexual acts. Pornographic news coverage contradicts the Ugandan law which is well elaborated in the Uganda penal code, section 161(1995:73) and it is an offence which is liable to penalty.
Newspapers like any other form of media have continuously used pornography as their news content through sexual explicit material. Yet it is believed by scholars that the media is important in shaping people’s attitude and behaviors through its content.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
According to Zie Gariyo (1993:410), the print media was established in Uganda by the church missionary society in 1902 with a monthly newsletter entitled Mengo notes followed by the Ebifa mu Buganda in 1907 and in 1911 the Roman Catholic fathers published Muno. All these publications were to convey religious content. However in 1950,s many new news papers were established like Munyonyozi, Sekanyolya, Dobozi lya Buganda.
The print media is a form of media that gained momentum in Uganda during the colonial era. The missionaries also used the news papers as a medium of communication which was
later adopted by the local politicians to advocate for independence. Formally the print media acted as an influential and persuasive tool in the day today lives of the public.
From the time of independence up to 1993, the media was basically a monopoly of the state. However there were a few private print media publications which were heavily censored by the government. But the Magazine industry was totally dead.
In 1986 with the coming of the National Resistance Movement to power, with its reforms of the 10 point program one was the liberalization of the Economy (Uganda) including liberalization of the media. When the government ended its monopoly of power over the media in fact the government allowed all organizations and personalities who had full requirements to set up media houses.
The year 1986 the New Vision news paper hit the streets of Uganda in March as an eight page weekly followed by the Monitor news paper, The Voice, The Observer, Red pepper. Currently there are over 15 magazine industries and news paper publications but tabloids have diverted from their former functions of the media which are surveillance, education, informing, watch dog and entertainment especially in modeling the youth morally but instead concentrated on pornographic news coverage.
The Red pepper is a daily tabloid, which started in 2002 as a weekly. According to Masscom @20 magazine (2009:26) defines tabloid as a special type of newspaper-one that was condensed, commonly identified with boisterous, brief news content, an abundance of pictures, some fiction, often blatantly appealing to the human interest in crime, sex, and disaster.
The Red pepper publishes depraved stories and nude pictures which has greatly influenced the minds and acts of the youths into all kinds of sexual immorality. This is because the youths develop desire and need to practice and experience what they have read and see in the news paper.
However in the past when the media was fully under the control of the state and before the invasion of the tabloids in Uganda. The print media was strictly censored by the government to avoid such negative aspects in order to protect the society against sexual immorality. But now the role of protection and prevention is only left for the parents and religious leaders.
The press and journalistic statute (1995) was formed which led to the formation of the media council. The media council acts as the regulatory body for the media. It has well established penal code on the media such as article 161, but these measures are just on paper and not in practice at all. Because the print media has used the freedom factor as a root to cause sexual immorality among the youths. It is argued that if the aspect of morality is to be restored in the print media then much supervision should be emphasized and the laws should be implemented with an iron hand.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Basing on the given background, there is a need to find out if the Red pepper publishes pornography or sex education. In November 2010 the public almost went on a demonstration over publication nude women like when the red pepper published Zuena’s naked picture. This has lead to increasing conflict between the managers of the publication and some sections of the society over where to draw a line between sex education which the news paper claims to offer.
Having been prompted by the criticism, this research is thus designed to investigate and find out the impact of pornographic news coverage to the youth in Uganda. This comes as a result by the public outcry to limit the pornographic news content published in the news papers. “Pornography has contributed to moral decay and increased crimes, say Nsaba Buturo New vision (8th –Sept-2010).
Pornographic news coverage in the news papers has been an issue of controversy both to the government, public and the journalists which is unethical and immoral according to our traditions and professionals. This is because the law does not clearly explain what pornography is? Therefore the research will find out what is pornographic news and its influence to the youth.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The study will examine the effects of pornographic news coverage amongst the Youth in Uganda.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES.
To ascertain the importance of pornographic news coverage to the Red pepper.
To find out if the Youth like content written by the Red pepper.
To establish the effects of pornographic news coverage to the Youth in Uganda.
To determine whether the public actually needs the pornographic way of news reporting?
To find out whether sexually explicit content influences the youth to engage in sexual activities.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
What are the effects of pornographic news coverage to the Youth?
Of what importance is pornographic news coverage to the Red pepper?
What do youth consider as pornographic in news papers?
How does the pornographic content in the Red paper influence the attitudes and perceptions of the youth?
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study will deal with the negative effects of pornographic news coverage by the Red pepper to the youth.
The study will analyze the Red pepper content from duration (Jan2010-Feb2011). This is because that content is still memorable to the public.
The study will seek different opinions from the public about the pornographic news coverage.
The study will be conducted in universities in the central region. This is because there is a high tendency of reading the online Red pepper among university students.
The study is going to use a sample population of the youth in universities between 18-30 years of age. This is because I assume that they can explain how the pornographic news coverage has affected them.
DEFINITION OF THE KEY TERMS
Pornography
Pornographic news coverage as media material used of intended to increase sexual arousal. Lessio and Brezgel (1995:) This is done through description or showing naked people or sexual acts in order to cause sexual excitement. By increasing sexual arousal in the youth may lead people into criminal acts like rape and defilement and these effects of pornographic news content in the news papers have contaminated the society by causing different forms of immorality especially among the youth.
Sexual immorality
Sexual immorality refers to sexual modes or behaviors that do not conform to societal norms and expectations Latomia and Laban(2006:34) These behaviors include homosexuality, rape prostitution, prostitution and bestiality. These sexual relations are termed as irresponsible or immoral when they do not meet universal standard and such behaviors have been portrayed in news papers as news to the public.
Media
Media as the channel through which a message travels from the source to the receiver for example newspapers, radio stations, television networks and magazines Joseph Dominick (2002). The researcher is to analyze how the media has been used as a channel through which the pornographic messages have been preached to the youth in the society.
SIGNIFICANCE OR JUSTIFICATION
This topic is so vital to the public because it establish the effects of pornographic news coverage to the youth in Uganda.
Since the print media in Uganda is growing at a high rate many newspapers and magazines are being set up to feed the public with information without considering that what they publish is what people absorb as the truth and right according to the media power effect theory thus this is a warning to all print media organizations to carefully prepare what is supposed to published for the public to consume.
The topic will also help the print media since it is an important tool of information to always separate information that is suitable for the youths than giving the public pornographic news which is ruining morality among the youth.
As analyzed before that since the liberalization of the media, it is so disappointing that the government is not doing anything like censoring the pornographic news coverage.
This research is also meant to add on little findings about the negative effects of pornographic news coverage to the youth.
Therefore the research is to charge the print media that it has diverted from its main functions like surveillance, education, watch dog and informing the public and instead concentrated pornographic news coverage which is negatively affecting the youth in society.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The researcher will apply the mass society theory. According to MacQuail (2005:94) explains that mass society theory is built on the concept of mass. It emphasizes the interdependence of institutions that exercise power and thus the incorporation of the media into the sources of social power and authority. The theory argues that the media has great power to manipulate its audience (people) meaning that what is portrays can be easily be adopted. However it also stimulates that media is an aid to their psychic survival under difficult conditions.
It is furthermore argued by C. Wright. Mills (1951:333) that between consciousness and existence stand communications, which influence such consciousness as men have of their existence expressed in MacQuail (2005:94,456) and he advanced that;
“Our minds are full of media-derived information and impressions,
We live in the world saturated by media sounds.”
Insinuating that messages availed to the public by the media plays a very big role of influencing their behaviors and attitudes and cultures. The media is also seen as significantly contributing to control of society.
However Stanley and Dennis (2003:50) presents the effects of the media using the
Assumptions of mass society theory in what he describes as direct effects of how and why the media is dangerous and cancerous to its own audience and this are the negative role of the media to the youth which include; The media are a malignant, cancerous force within society and must be purged or totally restructured, media have the power to reach out and directly influence the minds of average people, once people’s minds are corrupted by the media, all sorts of bad, long-term consequences result-bringing not only ruin to individual lives but also creating social problems on a vast scale, the social chaos initiated by media will inevitably be resolved by establishment of a totalitarian social order, mass media inevitably debase higher forms of culture, bringing about a general decline in civilization.
METHODOLOGY
Introduction
This chapter shows the methods that were used in collecting the required data for this study and the way it was processed and an analyzed to give the necessary and the meaningful information, obtain clear and valid results upon which will need a lot of detailed and wide research about the issue of the print media and sexual immorality in youths and I have selected various mean which together and compile the research.
Research design
Qualitative and quantitative research methods shall be used in exploration of the objectives of the study. The study will systematically describe and analyze the study content depending on the literature review, subjective evidence and personal interviews.
Research methods:
The researcher will use content analysis. According to Kerlinger (2000) in Wimmer and Dominick(2003:141)define content analysis as a method of studying and analyzing communication in a systematic, objective and quantitative manner for the purpose of measuring variables. And also Wilizer and Wiener (1978) as quoted in Wimmer and Dominick (2003:141) defines it as a systematic procedure devised to examine the content of recorded information. Content analysis is also a research technique for making replicable and valid references from data to their context.
Content analysis is chosen by the researcher it is good in quantification and thus ensures accurate representation of the body messages and quantification is important in fulfilling the objective since it aids in the quest for precision.
Just like Walizer and Wiener argue, the need to analyze the effects of pornographic news coverage to the youth will need the researcher to visit the library of the Red pepper to read the published news papers of January 2010 to February 2011.
This will help the researcher find out the number of published pornographic news coverage in form of stories and images of sex explicit.
Despite content analysis’ ability to study community changes, it is frequently time consuming and expensive. Also content analysis cannot serve as a basis for making statements about the effects of content on audience like the youth whore as the pornographic news coverage.
In-depth interviews
Intensive interviews or in-depth interviews are essentially a hybrid of one-on-one interview approach. To ensure that the study obtained first hand information, the researcher found the interview method very appropriate since it involves direct interaction between the researcher and the informant.
Personal interviews also help to note the respondent’s non verbal responses hence leading to collection of an elaborate data. (Wimmer and Dominick, 2003)
The editors and journalists of the Red pepper will be interviewed about the topic.
However this method is limited by the interviewer bias. The appearance, age, nonverbal behavior and comments of the interviewer may tempt respondents to answer questions untruthfully.
Research instruments:
Self administered questionnaires in form of close ended questions will be designed and written down to be used in collection of data. These shall be given to the editors, journalists who have been writing for the Red pepper from January 2010-feb 2011.
Further more questionnaires will be designed, written down and distributed to the readers (youth) of the Red pepper news pepper.
The questions shall be in relation to the effects of pornographic news coverage in form of images/pictures and the obscene stories which have leads like “the whopper champion dies.” The print media like goes ahead to display naked women cited from the Red pepper 2010.
Area of Study and population
The study shall cover three populations including; journalists, Editors and the youth who read the Red pepper.
The research will be done in universities in the central region because they can easily be accessed, the researcher will also visit the Red pepper in Namanve.
Sampling method and sample size.
Forty respondents that is twenty two male and eighteen female youth between 18-30 years of age who are readers of the Red pepper and from staff will be randomly selected to ensure that all relevant information is obtained.
Data analysis
The responses from collected data shall be interpreted and analyzed for comprehensiveness and accuracy. This will be done using statistical tools such as percentages.
Study limitations
There is a probability that the researcher will incur costs during the study in terms of transport, airtime and stationary and failure to reach sources.
Document analysis
The researcher will go ahead to use library search as one of the methods he employed to gather information about his topic. She read a number of published books, Newspapers articles and journals which have information relevant to this area of concern such that the topic can be fully explored.
Limited access to secondary and primary information may hinder the research since some times information may be with held.
Hence applying all the research methods, procedures the researcher will be able to determine the effect of pornographic news coverage to the youth.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction
In this chapter we review what many scholars, the general public and print media organizations have talked about effects of pornographic news coverage to the youth, importance of pornographic news to the media, do the youth really need this pornographic news content. However all these different argument and the un answered questions that raise in their minds; what is pornographic news coverage, why do the print media publish pornography and how does the print media use pornographic news coverage to add on its audience base today.
Pornography and the law
The law against pornography was enacted in England in 1824, it was mainly to prohibit the exposure of an obscene book or print in public. However in Uganda pornography is illegal but law is weak because it does not define for the public what pornography is.
According to the press and journalist act 2000 part 1 preliminary number 4(a) states;
“Prohibiting the publication of pornographic matters and obscene
publications in so far as they tend to offend and corrupt morals”
The researcher discovered that ones character was formed during the early stages in life thus pornographic news could have along lasting impact on the youth. Just as Kemigisha (1998:17), informs that it is important to remember that a great deal of character formation occurs early on in childhood, Habits and patterns of behaviors are set in early years in life and do not change much after that. This is stresses that when the morals of the youth are corrupted in their youth stage that means the results in their old age is not pleasurable for the society.
A code of ethics for example is adhered to by most newspaper publications in Uganda. These codes of ethics must guide journalists as professional tool to achieve credibility among their audience. They should use their conscience to judge whether the information is worthy for public consumption or it is pornography for obscenity brings in an idea of good reasoning in journalism.
Melvin Mencher (1993) in his book news writing and reporting argues that most of us know what is right from wrong. Our moral sense might have been influenced over by parents, schools or religious training .some of our guidelines come from reading, from young men and friends exert a powerful influence in what is wrong and right. Therefore the editors in the Ugandan press should be able to perform the functions of the media other than publishing the information that would result into moral degeneration.
Pornography and sexual immorality
Pornographic news coverage as media material used of intended to increase sexual arousal which leads to sexual immorality and increased crimes. Sexual immorality as sexual modes or behaviors that do not confirm to the societal norms and expectations Lutomia and Sokolia (2006), These modes of behavior include fornication, adultery, homosexuality, rape, prostitution, bestiality etc. some sexual relations are termed as immorality when they do not meet universal moral standards. All these are some have effects on the youth and their morals in society as a result of pornographic news new vision (8tth –Sept-2010)
Furthermore emphasize that the print media especially magazines have pornographic pictures that expose our youth to have various forms of sexual immorality. They are displayed on the streets and sold to our youth in total disregard of the moral complication that they have on them. The youth, being adventurous, naturally would want to practice what they are reading in these pornographic magazines.
Sexual immorality involves the functioning of the minds to judge or determine their actions on what is wrong and what is right accordingly. Sexual immorality takes different kinds for example fornication and homosexuality. This will be used to the question; is the print media in any way influencing the youth into sexual immorality. However researchers have found it difficult to weigh the level at which the print media is influencing the youth into immorality acts but literature reveal that sex in the media can affect what an adolescent thinks of his own lifestyle and experiences.
Pornography and press freedoms
The Uganda constitution article 29 gives freedom of expression and speech while article 42 gives access to information and other international laws allows the media to give the public information. However the law against pornography is not clear and no one can ascertain that what the red pepper is giving to the public is pornographic or not.
The print media today has got many issues that the public can analyze and give an argument that those aspects are immoral and disappointing most especially when they reach the children for example issues concerning pornographic material in the print media. This condition forced the American president in 1960, Lyndon.B.Johnson to set up a commission on obscenity and pornography after it come to the senate’s understanding that the American media had a lot of pornography due to the freedom they enjoy.
After 10 years the commission handed in the report to president Richard Nixon and the results on the effects of pornography on the audience showed that no exposure to or use of, sexually explicit materials plays a significant role in the cause of social or individual harm such as crime, sexual or non sexual deviance or even severe emotional disturbance.
Thomas Newmann of ABC further emphasized that “sex sells, the media is a business not supported by the tax payers and not subsidized by the government, we need to sell in order to make a living,” He argued that the world is governed by sex and sensationalism. This was proved when the Times magazine published a nearly naked Cherry Tiegs on its cover in 1992 and the sales of that image sold 5 times its normal sells as revealed by management.
Authorities anywhere have shown a consistent indication of the desire to manage news, even when they stop short of censorship McQuail (1994). He also argues that the media should have the ability to perform the responsibility not to undermine the society in any way which is immoral. Therefore this has brought a strong debate among many people that why again do the media go beyond its boundaries of giving information and act contrary to publish pornographic news which is against the society norms.
Many scholars contend that while laws grant press freedom, there is some power reserve to control the media saysMcQuail (1994);
“While the media issue might appear to be settled in favor of media by constitutional guarantees of press freedom, some reserve power could usually be invoiced by the state in extreme situation and modern period has offered numerous instances where the temporary , breakdown of civil order…………………….” This however expresses the need by the press to respect the society by not undermining them .They should give them what they deserve.
Pornography and human violence
Pornography degrades and also creates violence against women both in its production because the pornographic actress is described as abuse and exploited and they are always the youth and in its consumption because it is believed the domination and humiliation is which ends in rape and sexual harassment.
According to Prince and Massacres of the University of Pennsylvania on the issue of sexual abuse in pornographic news, they argue that in the last years pornography is always associated with the expression of violence against women. These pornographic stories and pictures about violence bring the same attitude and force the audience to adopt the same habits to the society.
Pornography is used by the media for and sex education
Sexual scandals and sexual behavior can not be considered in isolation from the cultures within which they exist, but there is another category of media coverage of sex from which they can be distinguished-that of sexual culture itself and the role of media in shaping sexuality and its associated behaviors, Marshall (2010). This category of coverage increased with the sexualisation of western societies that had occurred since 1960,s and with the media commentary that reflects the cultural dimensions of the sexuality. Indeed the media has changed the sexual cultures of the youth into another angle where they now look at homosexuality as a human right and a normal type of sex which is strictly prohibited according to Ugandan cultures this has come as a result of print media’s positive coverage on gays and lesbians.
He further clarifies that media reflection on sexual culture is not new since the first appearance of mass produced sexuality explicit images and books in the mid 19th century, journalists have pondered the effects of exposure to such materials on individual morality and social cohesion. The spread of these images was linked to prostitution and sexuality transmitted diseases and to indulgence in “vulgar” behavior by the uneducated and the youth.
In addition Bukedde Editor Kulubya explains that the news papers do not but promote pornography through sex education because sex columns are written by acknowledged experts and purely for education purposes New vision (30th-Oct-2009), thus pornography is not all about immorality but avail necessary sexual information to the youths which their parents no longer give them.
Mass communication scholars say that the issue of pornographic news coverage in form of sexual permissiveness in the media, its impact on kids, is not as a result of media Kalpper (1960). He argues that the role of the media is just to present what it thinks is worthy for its viewers .so it’s upon their conscience to judge what to consume that they think is beneficial to them. Though many newspapers have presented pornography in a news format but the public has always failed to distinguish between news and immorality.
Pornography is an evil
According to the Good News Bible (1994), viewing pornography is a mortal sin which is as a result of human weaknesses. A moral crime executes the relationship between God and the soul. In the history of children of Israel during the time of judges and kings in the bible, whenever the children the children of Israel turned away from God’s laws and engaged in the pagan worship, they got into trouble because pagan worship was characterized by sexual pervasion. And this is evident today in the effects that have come as a result of the pornographic news coverage in our society such as prostitution since in the media is not condemned.
According to Christians sexual immorality is diverting away from the good behaviors to bad behaviors as considered by the society and the bible as far as sex as a practice is concerned, where as according to the dictionary sexual immorality refers to the situation where by the doctrine or practice of sex as a duty of life in terms of principles, philosophy or ethics tend to diminish.
The media through pornography is promoting witch craft related activities to the detriment of Uganda’s integrity new vision (30th-Oct-2009). These evils of pornography even forced the government to enact the anti-porn bill to protect the society and the youth from the effects of pornography.
Pornography victimizes the public
The pornographic news in the print media has more immediate negative effect to the men than women such as accidental sexual arousal which many times resulted to cases like rape and defilement as Kreidman (1992:168), argues that;
“Men are biological; women are psychological meaning a man gets aroused by
looking at magazines, x-rated movies, or long legs. His response is immediate
and his reaction tends to be physical, for women, if there is no a feeling of
closeness, caring and understanding, she will not respond……”
This shows how the pornographic news coverage can lead to criminality minds.
However as much as many scholars have come out to discredit the print media about the coverage of pornographic news, Keith and Sylvia (1991:12,13), explains how important is pornography to the media and society at large, they say pornography is useful to the world in pointing out the consequences of guilt to be equally dreadful and inevitable.
They go further to illustrate weakness of the law to control sexual violent images that although the law has been strengthened with the introduction of banning of pornographic images from direct public view it has not prevented their availability.
They add that the government policy over the media and its display of sexuality violent images thus appears contradictory. There is some pattern in that commercial matters are given greater freedom, while issues pertaining to the military are subject to greater control.
This is a clear manifestation that pornographic news has less impact compared to other issues which are assumed to have greater effect to the society.
Media and culture
The pornographic news in the print media today is contrary to the African traditional way of life that means the pornography portrayed in the media likes explicit sex, sexy people kissing without minding about the people around them has resulted to the decline of our African cultures among the youth which is an abomination to our society. This is emphasized by Mbiti (1969:146), that sexual organs are the gates of life, for many African people the genitals and buttocks are the parts of the most carefully covered; in the eyes of traditional Africans and this is well manifested in the images of that the Red pepper portrays as news
The youth think that pornographic is informative due to the number of topics handled in it. Include; pure romance, sexual fulfillment, Better and different ways of having sex, love and sex, intimacy and others. Most of these topics seduce both youth and adults to read on. The most ill-fated issue is that this pornographic news is even exposed to the underage that after reading are forced to act accordingly and the effects are not enjoyable such as teenagers’ prostitution, homosexuality and indecent dressing.
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